In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of Basil ( Ocimum baslicum L. ) and Coriander ( Coriandrum satirum L. ) oil extracts on Streptococus mutans

Plant extracts and essential oils show efficiency on growth control in a wide variation of microorganisms, including filamentous fungi, yeasts and bacteria. To evaluate antimicrobial activity of plant extracts, determine the lower quantity of substance to inhibit the microorganism test growth is necessary. This value is known as Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). This study had as aim to verify the antimicrobial action and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) oil extract before S. mutans (ATCC 25175) strains. Antimicrobial activity determination was carried out by microdilution method and performed according to recommendations of CLSI (previously known as NCCLS), standard M7-A6 (NCCLS, 2003) for bacteria, and standard M27-A2 (NCCLS, 2002). All the experiments were carried out in triplicate. Results showed the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) determination by microdilution method in broth showed Ocimum basilicum L. and Coriandrum sativum L. extract oils presented inhibitory activity before S. mutans strain. Basil in 1:4 concentration is bacteriostatic and in 1:3 concentration is bactericide. Coriander in 1:2 concentration is bacteriostatic and in 1:1 concentration is bactericide. We concluded that basil presented higher inhibitory activity regarding to the coriander. We also observed as bigger the extract dilution, lower their effectivity.o assess the attitude and practice of dental professionals towards using of advance Radiographic technique.

In situ evaluation of basil oil essential oil cytotoxicity ( Ocimum basilicum L. )

Essential oils derived from plants used as condiments represent a large group of natural antimicrobials. Extracts and essential oils from plants have been shown to be efficient in controlling the growth of a wide variety of microorganisms, including filamentous fungi, yeasts and bacteria. Practical uses of these activities are suggested in humans and animals, as well as in the food industry. This study aimed to evaluate the basal basil essential oil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cytotoxicity in NCTC Clone 929 cell line, mouse connective tissue cells (CCIAL 020), which were seeded in Petri dishes and incubated for 48 hours To to form the cell monolayer. For the this test accomplishment of this test, we counted with the collaboration of the Nucleus of Cell Cultures - NCC of the Adolfo Lutz Institute, of the city of São Paulo-SP. The culture medium used is the solid coating medium, and fragments of the samples fragments are were placed on this coating medium and the plates were again incubated for 24 hours. The Biological Reactivity Degree (GR) index, which is the area not stained by the vital dye, is were observed macro and microscopically. Samples were tested in quadruplicates on separate plates. ThusThereunto, the test result showed that the essential oil was cytotoxic in the cell line studied, and that the future work in pharmacology and toxicology needs to be performed to better standardize the therapeutic dose, which is not cytotoxic as the pure oil behaved.o assess the attitude and practice of dental professionals towards using of advance Radiographic technique.

Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder and patients' satisfaction before and after orthognathic surgery

Aim: To evaluate signs and symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorder and satisfaction in patients before and after orthognathic surgery. Methods: The sample consisted of 15 patients aged between 19 and 47 years old, indicated for orthodontic-surgical treatment. All patients answered na anamnesis questionnaire based on Helkimo Anamnestic Index to evaluate subjective symptoms and underwent a clinical evaluation based on Helkimo Disfunction Index, applied at three time points: before (T0), three (T1) and six months (T2) after surgery. Statistical models used were χ2 test (Chi-square), Tukey test, confidence interval and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in the incidence of joint sounds, maximum mouth opening, deviation of mouth opening and pain in the TMJ region (p>0.05). No patient presented worsening of the symptomatology. As regards muscular pain, there was a statistically significant improvement with time (p<0.05) and 86.7% of patients reported that they were satisfied with the obtained results. Conclusions: Improvement of TMD after orthognathic surgery may not be the result of correcting malocclusion and satisfaction with the results can be a factor of TMD improvement (Au)

The use of botulinum toxin as a way of treatment for gingival smile: case report

Gingival smile is defined as excessive gum exposition. Its etiology may be related to several factors, among them a maxillary vertical excess, superior dentoalveolar protrusion, changed passive extrusion and or eruption of anterior-superior teeth and hyperactivity of superior lip lift muscle. In cases in which the etiological factor is from muscle, the use of Botulinum toxin typo A (BTX-A) should be indicated. To highlight the benefits obtained with therapeutic use of this substance, the authors describe a clinical case of a female young patient, in which the Botox® was applied to correct gingival smile as a way to complement the orthodontic treatment. The applications were performed in two lateral points on the nose wing in a single session. The result was very satisfactory and there was no need additional dose. The authors concluded that BTX-A is a safe option and minimum invasive for treatment of gingival smile when provoked by muscle hypercontraction. Its side effects are rare with discrete discomfort during the application.

Avaliação da percepção pessoal em relação à condição de halitose e confirmação clínica / Personal perception of assessment for the condition of halitosis and clinical confirmation

Introdução: A halitose é uma condição em que o hálito se apresenta de forma desagradável, acometendo milhares de pessoas e causando impacto negativo para as mesmas. Objetivo: A presente pesquisa em campo buscou avaliar a percepção pessoal em relação à condição de halitose por meio de aplicação de questionário específico e confirmação clínica. Material e método: A amostra foi composta por 59 indivíduos entre 20 e 60 anos de idade, usuários de Unidades Básicas de Saúde de Araraquara, que foram selecionados de forma aleatória. A metodologia empregada constituiu-se de: i) Assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido; ii) Aplicação de questionário especialmente elaborado para esta pesquisa; iii) Confirmação clínica, com a aplicação do teste com halímetro (Tanita Breath Alert CHC-212S). Após o experimento, todos receberam folhetos informativos com dados gerais sobre halitose. Os resultados obtidos foram agrupados em tabelas de contingência, construídas pelo Microsoft Excel, sendo então analisados pelo teste do Qui-quadrado. Resultado e conclusão: Após análises, conclui-se que as pessoas perderam a capacidade de perceber o próprio hálito quando tinham halitose; não tiveram condições de se autoavaliarem de forma eficaz; os fatores de riscos que influenciaram na halitose foram: idade superior aos 40 anos, uso de alguns tipos de medicamentos, algumas patologias, frequência de visita ao Dentista e falhas em procedimentos de higiene bucal, tais como escovação dentária, uso do fio dental, limpeza da língua e limpeza de próteses. Os outros fatores pesquisados não se mostraram estatisticamente suficientes para estabelecerem relação de influência na halitose.

Introduction: Halitosis is a condition characterized by unpleasant breath,affecting thousands of people and causing a negative impact on them. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate self-perception of halitosis condition by applying a specific questionnaire and having clinical evaluation. Material and method: The sample was composed by 59 randomly selected voluntaries between the ages of 20 and 60 years old who were users of Basic Health Units of Araraquara. The methodologies applied were: 1. Signature of informed consent; 2. Application of standardized questionnaire specially designed for this research; 3. Clinical confirmation through halimeter (Tanita Breath Alert CHC-212S). After the experimental phase, all the volunteers received a document with general information about halitosis (causes and treatment). The results were grouped in Microsoft Excel tables and analyzed by Chi-square test. Result and conclusion: After the analyses, it was concluded that people had lost the ability to perceive their own breath when they had halitosis and they are unable to evaluate themselves effectively; the risky factors that influenced the halitosis were: people over the age of 40, the use some types of drugs, some diseases, frequency of visit to the dentist and poor oral hygiene including bad-technique procedures such as teeth brushing, flossing, tongue cleaning and dentures cleaning. Other factors studied were not statistically sufficient to influence halitosis.

Insertion angle of orthodontic mini-implants and their biomechanical performance: finite element analysis / Ângulo de inserção de mini-implantes ortodônticos e seu desempenho biomecânico: análise de elementos finitos

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the stresses and strains generated after the application of two types of forces (traction of 200 gf and torsion of 20 N.cm) in two types of orthodontic mini-implants inserted at different (45° and 90° to the cortical bone) angles. Material and method: three-dimensional models of two brands of mini-implant (SIN - Sao Paulo, Brazil, and RMO - South Korea) were exported and analyzed by finite element analysis (FEA). Analyses were performed on simulations of cortical bone, cancellous bone and the screw. Result: FEA analysis showed that RMO mini-implants had greater elastic deformation when subjected to tensile and torsional forces when compared with SIN mini-implants. For both trademarks and insertion angles tested, there was greater cortical bone deformation, but with the greatest strain located on the mini-implant. Tension on the mini-implant was located in its transmucosal profile region. Conclusion: When comparing the two brands of mini-implants by FEA, it is fair to conclude that that the larger number of threads and their greater angle of inclination resulted in less resistance to deformation and induced a higher level of tension in the mini-implant and cortical bone when subjected to forces, especially when inserted at an angle of 45º to the cortical bone.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as tensões e deformações de duas marcas comerciais de mini-implantes ortodônticos geradas após a aplicação de dois tipos de forças (de tração de 200 gf e torção de 20 N.cm) inseridos em duas angulações (45° e 90° em relação ao osso cortical). Material e método: Modelos tridimensionais das duas marcas de mini-implantes (SIN - Sao Paulo, Brasil, e RMO - Coréia do Sul) foram construídos e analisados por análise de elementos finitos (FEA). As análises foram realizadas em simulações no osso cortical, osso esponjoso e no parafuso. Resultado: A análise FEA mostrou que os mini-implantes da marca RMO apresentaram maior deformação elástica quando submetidos à tração e as forças de torção quando comparado aos mini-implantes da marca SIN. Em ambas as marcas testadas, e para os diferentes ângulos de inserção, houve uma maior deformação do osso cortical, com maior tensão localizado no mini-implante. A tensão no mini-implante foi localizado na região do perfil transmucoso. Conclusão: Ao comparar as análises de elementos finitos das duas marcas comerciais de mini-implantes, concluiu-se que um maior número de roscas e maior inclinação resultam em menor resistência à deformação e induzem uma maior tensão no osso cortical quando submetidos à forças de torção e tração, especialmente quando inserido em um ângulo de 45º com o osso cortical.

Perimolysis: case report / Perimólise: relato de caso clínico

Perimolysis is a form of dental erosion, characterized by dental tissue demineralization without bacterial involvement. It can be of intrinsic or extrinsic origin. Extrinsic origin is considered when it is caused by excessive consumption of acid drinks and foods such as soft drinks, alcoholic beverages, acid fruit and prescription drugs for daily use. When caused by gastrointestinal disorders, such as those resulting from bulimia, anorexia nervosa and gastroesophageal reflux, it is considered of intrinsic origin. The acid action can cause erosion on palatal/lingual incisor surfaces, and occlusal and palatal/lingual posterior tooth surfaces causing pain (dental hyperesthesia). Treatment is often multidisciplinary, and the causes should be identified, eliminated or controlled. In dentistry, the approach must include preventive measures to reduce future risks, and restorative intervention using materials such as glass ionomer cement, resin composite, or endodontic and prosthetic rehabilitation in more complex cases. The aim of this study was to describe the restorative treatment in the case of a patient with this condition.

Perimólise é uma forma de erosão dentária, caracterizada pela desmineralização do tecido dental sem envolvimento bacteriano, de origem intrínseca ou extrínseca. É considerada de origem extrínseca quando causada pelo consumo excessivo de bebidas, alimentos e substâncias ácidas, como refrigerantes, bebidas alcoólicas, frutas ácidas e medicamentos de uso contínuo. Denomina-se intrínseca quando causada por distúrbios gastrintestinais como os que ocorrem como conseqüência da bulimia, da anorexia nervosa e do refluxo gastresofágico. A ação ácida pode causar erosão nas faces palatina/lingual dos incisivos e palatina/lingual e oclusal dos dentes posteriores levando a dor, ou seja, hiperestesia dental. O tratamento geralmente é multidisciplinar, devendo identificar e eliminar ou controlar as causas. A abordagem odontológica deve associar medidas preventivas para diminuir riscos futuros e intervenção restauradora utilizando materiais como cimento ionômero de vidro, resina composta ou até mesmo endodontia e reabilitação protética para casos mais complexos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever o tratamento restaurador de um caso clínico de paciente com esta patologia.

Chemical analysis and Vickers hardness of orthodontic mini-implants

Orthodontic mini-implants are used in clinical practice to provide efficient and aesthetically-pleasing anchorage. AIM: To evaluate the hardness Vickers hardness and chemical composition of mini-implant titanium alloys from five commercial brands. METHODS: Thirty self-drilling mini-implants, six each from the following commercial brands, were used: Neodent NEO, Morelli MOR, Sin SIN, Conexão CON, and Rocky Mountain RMO. The hardness and chemical composition of the titanium alloys were performed by the Vickers hardness test and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. RESULTS: Vickers hardness was significantly higher in SIN implants than in NEO, MOR, and CON implants. Similarly, VH was significantly higher in RMO implants than in MOR and NEO ones. In addition, VH was higher in CON implants than in NEO ones. There were no significant differences in the proportions of titanium and aluminum in the mini-implant alloy of the five commercial brands. Conversely, the proportion of vanadium differed significantly between CON and MOR/NEO implants. CONCLUSIONS: Mini-implants of different brands presented distinct properties of hardness and composition of the alloy...

Jaw dimensions and inter arches relation in mouth brearhing children

AIM: This research evaluates the dimension characteristics of jaw and the inter arches relation in children with reduction of nasopharynx space by hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsils in the mixed dentition stage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the sample was composed by initial orthodontic documents of 25 patients of both genders, from 6 to 10 years old, diagnosed with nasopharynx obstruction by two specialists (one orthodontist and one otorhinolaryngologist) based on anamnesis, medical history, clinical tests, face photos and evaluation of the respiratory airways through lateral telereadiography. In this early moment, occlusal characteristics were not considered during the diagnosis. The sample was composed by only the cases in which both professionals considered presenting significant obstruction of airways (isthmus ≤ 4mm), able to provide changes on growth and occlusion and that presented the inclusion criteria. The cases selected had their initial plaster models evaluated by means of a digital caliper (brand Vonder) previously calibrated. The intra arches and inter arches included in this study were: intercanine and intermolar distance; anterior and total length of dental arch, depth of the dental arch overjet, overbite and terminal plan/molar and canine relation. RESULTS: It was not found correlation among the isthmus values and variable analyzed. Intra arches measurements presented similar behavior among them, showing their severity. CONCLUSION: Intra arches and inter arches analyzed showed values similar to them reported in the literature, evidencing the influence of nasopharynx space reduction on the morphology of arcade and on occlusion.

Evaluation of minimum inhibitory concentration and antimicrobial activity of basil extract ( Ocimum basilicum L. ) incorporated to the mouthwash

AIM: This study has as aim to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration and the antimicrobial activity of basil extract incorporated to the mouthwash against the bacteria S.mutans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For the study, the hydro alcoholic basil extract (Ocimum basilicum L.) incorporated to the mouthwash was used in order to evaluate the effect of this formulation on bacteria and its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). As positive control, TBS + S. mutans was used; as negative control, only the TBS; the fluid hydro alcoholic basil extract 20% and the concentrated basil extract 12%, both incorporated to the mouthwash, were also evaluated. As MIC verification method and antimicrobial activity, the micro dilution was used in the concentrations: pure, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, 1/64, 1/128; and carried out in triplicate. The microtiter plates were incubated and evaluated after 24 and 72hs. RESULTS: The results showed there was no antimicrobial activity of mouthwash associated to the fluid and concentrated basil extract. However, the mouthwash insulated showed antimicrobial activity only as pure; other dilutions did not presented the same result. CONCLUSION: Before the findings in this study, it is possible conclude that hydro alcoholic basil extract incorporated to the mouthwash did not present antimicrobial activity against the bacteria S. mutans.

Removal program of nonnutritive sucking habits based on simple actions and parents and children motivation

AIM: This research aims to present a program that uses simple measures and practices for the child becomes motivated to remove the habit. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample consisted of children aged 3-6 years, of both genders, with habit of finger or pacifier sucking enrolled in preschools in the municipal education of Araraquara, S.P (Brazil). The methodology can be divided into three parts: 1. Parents orientation about the need and importance of immediate abandonment of the habit; 2. Problem presentation for the child; 3. Development of playful activities. It was considered as a parameter for successful cases when the habit was removed within 8 weeks from the beginning of the work. RESULTS: As a result, it was observed that when the children were motivated, most of them removed the habit, reducing the chances of future malocclusions. CONCLUSION: It is considered that the presented method is an alternative to be used by professionals such as dentists, psychologists, pediatricians and speech therapists in helping to care for children with non-nutritive sucking habit.

Evaluation of knowledge on oral health, malocclusions and non- nutritive habits of daycare educators

AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate daycare educators' knowledge on oral health, malocclusions and non-nutritive habits and how to address these issues. Educators were also investigated on whether or not they had received previous instructions on oral health and the quality of such information. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A survey was conducted using a questionnaire, given to daycare educators of Araraquara (SP, Brazil). The structured questionnaire had close-ended questions, and was divided into three sections according to subject matter. RESULTS: Based on the analyzed questionnaires (n=143), most educators showed reasonable knowledge on oral health (72%) and non-nutritive habits (52.4%), although 89.5% of them had received previous instructions on the subject. Chi-square test showed no association between the level of knowledge among educators and the variables: age, type of school and self assessment of knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: These professionals need additional information about oral health in order to address these topics through educational practices, since educators are the best suited professionals to teach and motivate children.

Tratamento multidisciplinar: relato de casos clínicos / Multidisciplinary treatment: clinical cases report

Opaciente adulto apresenta maior predisposição para doença periodontal, decorrente, principalmente, do mal controle de placa. Nesses pacientes, a movimentação ortodôntica não é contraindicada, porém, é necessária uma avaliação da condição periodontal para que se possa estabelecer o plano de tratamento apropriado. / Objetivo / Descrever e discutir casos clínicos de indivíduos com necessidade de reabilitação bucal e com periodonto severamente comprometido. / Métodos / Os métodos consistiram no tratamento ortodôntico de dois casos com comprometimento periodontal. Após exames clínicos e radiográficos, os casos foram analisados de forma multidisciplinar, envolvendo as especialidades de Ortodontia, Periodontia e Prótese, com objetivo de proporcionar ao paciente os melhores resultados estético, funcional e estabilidade. O tratamento periodontal consistiu de raspagem supra- e subgengival, previamente ao tratamento ortodôntico, e programa de manutenção periódica trimestral durante toda movimentação ortodôntica. As ativações foram realizadas em intervalos de 45 a 50 dias, com a utilização de forças leves, sendo utilizadas contenções em ambas as arcadas, mesmo após a finalização da reabilitação. / Conclusão / O tratamento reabilitador bucal, quando feito de forma multidisciplinar, traz resultados bastante satisfatórios. A interação da Ortodontia e da Periodontia comprovou que pacientes com periodonto reduzido, porém saudável, podem receber tratamento ortodôntico, desde que as forças não excedam o limite biológico desse.

Evaluation in vitro of antimicrobial activity of basil extract (Ocimum basilicum L. ) on an acrylic surface of removable orthodontic appliances

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial activity of Ocimum basilicum L. (basil) extract in S. Muttans biofilm colonized in specimens confectioned in the same acrylic used for removable orthodontics appliances. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To perform this work, 42 specimens were confectioned (sterile spherical acrylic disks) and immersed in pure extract and in serial dilution of extract (1:2 until 1:10) during 24, 48 and 72 hours. For each time of exposition, a disintegration of bacterial film by sonication in saline and posterior seed in agar, for colony count, were carried out. ATCC strains of S. muttans were selected, and 2% chlorhexidine solution was used as inhibition control. RESULTS: The results showed, by quantitative analysis, that basil extract has antibacterial activity in S. muttans biofilm, when used in pure state or in dilution until 1:4. CONCLUSION: Besides, it was possible observe the more increase the incubation time, independent the dilution, the higher degradation of extract.

Effect of angled installation of orthodontic mini-implants on primary stability

AIM: The aim of this work was evaluate the insertion and removal torque for orthodontic mini-implants inserted in different inclination. Materials and methods: Ten self[drilling mini-implants from the brand SIN (Sistema de Implantes Nacional, São Paulo/SP, Brazil), and the surgical kit for their insertion were used. Two plaques of synthetic bone of 120mm x 170mm x 41,5mm were used (Sawbones, Pacific Research Laboratories Inc, Vashon, Wash), with 1,5mm height, simulating the cortical bone (density 40 pcf) and 40 mm simulating the medullary bone (density 15 pcf). In each block, five areas were demarcated for each mark, totalizing ten areas. The ten mini-implants were inserted by the same operator, previously calibrated; five of them at 900 and five at 600, using the manual key kit. After the insertion of all the mini-implants, the final threading and the reading of insertion torque value were carried out with a manual torque wrench digital Lutron TQ[8800 (Lutron Electronic Enterprise Co., Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan) until the trans-mucosal profile achieve the cortical bone. The maximum insertion torque value was registered in N/cm. After all the implants inserted, the measurement of removal torque was started, performed in the same way of insertion, but in the opposite anticlockwise. The results were submitted to the T test (parametric) and to a Mann-Whitney test (non-parametric). Results: The results demonstrated that the insertion torque was lower than the removal one in both insertion degrees, with statistically significance. Despite insertion torque at 90 degrees had been lightly higher than that inserted at 60 degrees, they were not statistically significant. Conclusion: In view of the results, it was possible conclude that insertion at 60º angulation does not offer advantages to the primary stability for orthodontic mini-implants.

Prevalência de maloclusão em escolares de 5 a 12 anos de rede municipal de ensino de Araraquara / Prevalence of malocclusion in children between 5 and 12 years-old in municipal schools in Araraquara

OBJETIVO: avaliar a prevalência de maloclusões em escolares na faixa etária de cinco a 12 anos, matriculadas em escolas municipais de Araraquara. MÉTODO: com base no número total de crianças (7235) realizou-se o cálculo da amostragem, envolvendo sete escolas, num total de 3380 crianças. Um estudo piloto e a calibração dos examinadores precederam o início da pesquisa. Foram excluídas 1934 crianças da amostra por não atenderem aos critérios de inclusão. Na avaliação clínica, foram analisados, as relações inter-arcos nos sentidos transversal, vertical e sagital, a relação intra-arcos, o perfil e padrão de crescimento, a presença de assimetria, além de hábitos deletérios. RESULTADOS: da amostragem total (1446), 80,29% apresentou maloclusão, sendo mais prevalente no gênero feminino (81,34%) e na faixa etária de nove a 12 anos (82,52%). A relação dentária mais prevalente foi a de Classe I (63,27%), o padrão facial mais encontrado foi o Padrão I (92,87%). As alterações oclusais inter-arcos mais encontradas foram a mordida profunda e a mordida aberta, as alterações intra-arcos predominantes foram os diastemas e as giroversões. De acordo com o Teste Qui-quadrado não houve significância entre maloclusão e as variáveis: presença de hábito, assimetria, diastemas e padrão facial. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante na prevalência das variáveis: mordida aberta, mordida profunda, diastemas e dos hábitos de sucção (dedo, chupeta, mamadeira) e onicofagia quando comparada as duas faixas etárias estudadas. CONCLUSÃO: as maloclusões acometem a maior parte das crianças nessa faixa etária, tendo origem predominantemente dentária e com pouco ou nenhum comprometimento facial, evidenciando a necessidade da intervenção precoce.

PURPOSE: to evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion in school children between 5 and 12 years-old enrolled in public schools in Araraquara_S.P. (Brazil). METHOD: based on the total number of children (7235) it was carried out the calculation of sampling, involving seven schools, a total of 3380 children. A pilot study and calibration of examiners preceded the study onset. 1934 children were excluded from the sample because they didn't apply for the inclusion criteria. In clinical evaluation, there were analyzed the inter-arcs in transverse, vertical and sagittal directions, intra-arch relationship, facial profile, growth pattern, presence of asymmetry, and harmful habits. RESULTS: of the total sample (1446), 80.29% had malocclusion, being more prevalent in females (81.34%) from 9 to 12 years-old (82.52%). The most prevalent dental relationship was Class I (63.27%), Standard I was the most found facial pattern (92.87%). The predominant inter-arch malocclusions were deep bite and anterior open bite, and the most prevalent intra-arches occlusal changes were spacing and rotation. According to the Chi-square test, there was no significance between malocclusion and the variables: presence of habit, asymmetry, spacing and facial profile. There was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of variables: open bite, deep bite, spacing, sucking habits (sucking, pacifier, bottle) and the onychophagia habit, when compared the two age groups studied. CONCLUSION: malocclusions affect the most children in this age group, with predominantly dental origin and with little or no facial involvement, obviating the need for early intervention.

Prevalência de má oclusão em crianças de 3 a 6 anos portadoras de hábito de sucção de dedo e/ou chupeta / Prevalence of malocclusion in 3 to 6 year-old sucking habit children

Introdução: A má oclusão, pela sua elevada prevalência na população, é considerada atualmente um problema de saúde pública. Considerando-se a associação entre hábitos bucais deletérios e más oclusões, o conhecimento da epidemiologia das alterações oclusais em crianças portadoras de sucção não nutritiva pode contribuir com a instituição de políticas públicas. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de má oclusão em crianças na fase de dentadura decídua portadoras de hábitos deletérios de sucção, quer sejam de dedo e/ou chupeta. Material e Método: O estudo envolveu 135 crianças de ambos os gêneros, na faixa etária de 3 a 6 anos, portadoras de hábitos de sucção não nutritiva. O histórico de sucção de dedo e/ou chupeta foi levantado por questionário direcionado aos pais e responsáveis. A avaliação clínica das más oclusões foi realizada por um único examinador, previamente calibrado, visando minimizar eventuais erros do método. Resultado: A má oclusão foi encontrada em 87,4% das crianças. Verificou-se uma prevalência de 72% de mordida aberta anterior, seguida de atresia maxilar com 62,2%, mordida cruzada posterior com 26,3%, mordida cruzada anterior com 3,4% e apinhamento e topo a topo correspondendo a 5,1% da amostra. O hábito deletério mais frequente foi o de sucção de chupeta, presente em 76,3% da amostra, sendo que o mesmo estava distribuído da seguinte maneira: 20% na forma isolada, 25,9% associado a outros hábitos deletérios, 3% associado a dedo, 26,7% associado à mamadeira e 0,8% associado a dedo e mamadeira. Já a sucção digital foi encontrada em 25,9% da amostra, sendo 14,1% na forma isolada. Conclusão: Crianças portadoras de sucção não nutritiva durante a fase de dentadura decídua apresentam elevada prevalência de má oclusão. Não se encontraram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os gêneros e as faixas etárias no que se refere à má oclusão e ao tipo de hábito.

Introduction: The malocclusion, due to its high prevalence in the population is currently considered a public health problem. Considering the association between oral habits and malocclusion, knowledge of the epidemiology of occlusal alterations in children with non-nutritive sucking can contribute to the establishment of public policies. Objective: To assess the prevalence of malocclusion in children in primary dentition phase with deleterious habits of finger sucking and/or pacifier. Material and Method: The study involved 135 children of both genders, aged 3-6 years, with non-nutritive sucking habits. The history of finger sucking and/or pacifier was raised by a questionnaire given to parents and guardians. Clinical assessment of malocclusion was performed by a single examiner previously calibrated in order to minimize possible errors of the method. Result: Malocclusion was found in 87.4% of children. There was a 72% prevalence of anterior open bite, followed by maxillary atresia with 62.2%, posterior cross bite with 26.3%, anterior cross bite with 3.4%, crowding and top-to-end corresponding to 5.1% of the sample. The most common harmful habit was the pacifier-sucking, present in 76.3% of the sample, while the same was distributed as follows: 20% in the isolated, 25.9% associated with other deleterious habits, 3% associated the finger, 26.7% associated with bottle and 0.8% associated with finger and bottle. Already finger sucking was found in 25.9% of the sample, 14.1% in isolation. Conclusion: Children with nonnutritive sucking during the deciduous dentition show a high prevalence of malocclusion. No statistically differences were found between genders and age groups in relation to malocclusion type and habit.

Protocolo alternativo para o tratamento da síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono com aparelho intrabucal / Alternative protocol for treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea with intraoral appliance

Introdução: a síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) tornou-se um problema de saúde pública, sendo mais prevalente na população mundial do que outras doenças crônicas. A Ortodontia tem um papel importante em seu tratamento com a utilização dos aparelhos intrabucais (AIB) dinâmicos de avanço mandibular, principalmente em casos de SAOS de intensidade leve a moderada. Existem na literatura protocolos de tratamento, no quais a cooperação do paciente para realizar a ativação do AIB é fundamental para o sucesso e evolução do caso. Métodos: foi usado um protocolo de atendimento alternativo para um paciente adulto, do sexo feminino, com índice de apneia/hipopneia (IAH) de 12 episódios por hora, associado a ronco intenso, índice de massa corporal de 27,4 kg/m2 e quadro de hipertensão arterial. Foi realizada uma abordagem terapêutica integrada envolvendo a Otorrinolaringologia, a Ortodontia e a Fonoaudiologia, de forma que a ativação do avanço mandibular do AIB foi controlada mensalmente pelo ortodontista. Resultados: redução significativa do ronco, diminuição da frequência cardíaca (sono REM 61 para 47,3 e NREM 51 para 42,7), atenuando o AIH para 2 episódios por hora em um período de 6 meses. Conclusão: o protocolo proposto nesse artigo mostrou-se eficaz ao tratar um paciente com SAOS de intensidade leve, com o mínimo de avanço mandibular em um curto período de tempo, apresentando estabilidade oclusal, clinicamente observada após um ano de acompanhamento.

Prevalência dos hábitos de sucção não nutritiva e sua relação com a idade, gênero e tipo de aleitamento em pré-escolares da cidade de Araraquara / Prevalence of nonnutritive sucking habits and their relationship to age, gender and type of feeding in preschool children from Araraquara-Brazil

OBJETIVO: avaliar a prevalência dos hábitos de sucção não nutritiva presentes em crianças pré-escolares do município de Araraquara-SP, buscando conhecer melhor suas características, distribuição e relação com o aleitamento materno. MÉTODO: aplicação de um questionário enviado aos pais ou responsáveis. A amostra foi composta por 1371 crianças com idades entre seis meses e cinco anos, na qual 702 crianças (51,2%) apresentavam hábitos deletérios, num total de 812 hábitos relatados. RESULTADOS: de acordo com os resultados, os hábitos foram mais prevalentes no gênero feminino (55%) e na faixa etária entre seis meses e dois anos. O hábito mais comumente encontrado foi o de sucção chupeta (30%), seguido pela sucção de mamadeira (18,4%) e sucção digital (7,6%), não havendo associação entre o tipo de hábito e condição sócio-econômica. Das crianças participantes, 1.239 (90,4%) receberam aleitamento materno, sendo que o tempo de maior prevalência de amamentação foi entre seis meses e 12 meses (43%), não necessariamente de forma exclusiva, mas por um período igual ou superior ao preconizado pela OMS. CONCLUSÃO: houve associação entre o tempo de amamentação com a presença e o tipo de hábito, visto que as crianças que receberam o aleitamento natural por um período superior a 12 meses tenderam a não desenvolver hábitos deletérios. Os resultados comprovam que quanto maior é o tempo de amamentação, menor é a prevalência de hábitos.

PURPOSE: to evaluate the prevalence of nonnutritive sucking habits in preschool children from Araraquara-SP, seeking to better understand their characteristics, distribution and relation to breastfeeding. METHOD: application of a questionnaire sent to parents or guardians. The sample comprised 1371 children aged between 6 months and 5-year old, where 702 children (51.2%) had deleterious habits, from a total of 812 reported habits. RESULTS: the habits were more prevalent in women (55%) and aged between 6 months and 2 years. The most commonly found practice was sucking a pacifier (30%), followed by suction bottle (18.4%) and sucking (7.6%), there was no association between the type of habit and socioeconomic status. From the participating children, 1,239 (90.4%) were breastfed, and the length of breastfeeding was most prevalent between 6 months and 12 months (43%), not necessarily exclusive but for a period not less than the recommended by WHO. CONCLUSION: there was an association between duration of breastfeeding in the presence and type of habit, since children who received breastfeeding for a period exceeding 12 months tended not to develop harmful habits. The results show that the greater the duration of breastfeeding is, the lower becomes the prevalence of habits.

Influência do ambiente familiar e da condição socioeconômica na introdução e na manutenção de hábito de sucção não nutritiva / Influence of family environment and socioeconomic status in the introduction and maintenance of non-nutritive oral habits

Os hábitos bucais não nutritivos, como sucção de chupeta e de dedo, estão presentes na maioria das crianças nas fases das dentaduras decídua e início da mista. Assim, o objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a influência do ambiente familiar e da condição socioeconômica na presença de hábitos de sucção de dedo e/ou chupeta, em crianças entre 6 meses e 5 anos, matriculadas em pré-escolas de Araraquara-SP. Foram enviados 514 questionários aos pais das crianças que compunham a amostra, contendo perguntas relativas aos seguintes aspectos: idade, ocupação e carga horária de trabalho, número de filhos, condição socioeconômica, duração e frequência de hábitos, tempo de amamentação, relacionamento familiar, entre outras informações. Dos 219 questionários que retornaram, evidenciou-se que o hábito mais frequentemente encontrado foi o de sucção de chupeta, normalmente introduzida antes do primeiro mês de vida (66,4%), por influência dos pais, e apresentando um declínio com o aumento da idade. Já a sucção digital tendeu a aumentar com o acréscimo da idade, tendo como período de maior prevalência a hora do sono. A condição socioeconômica, a idade materna e o nível de escolaridade dos pais influenciaram diretamente no índice de aleitamento natural e na prevalência dos hábitos. As mães com maior escolaridade e renda tenderam a amamentar seus filhos de forma natural e a evitar a presença de hábitos deletérios. Com base nos resultados, nota-se a necessidade de acesso dos pais e das crianças a um programa preventivo educacional, visando à importância da remoção dos hábitos em idade precoce.

Non-nutritive oral habits, such as pacifier and finger-sucking, are present in most children in the phases of the primary and the early mixed dentitions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of family environment and socioeconomic conditions on pacifier and/or finger-sucking habits, in children between 6 months and 5 years old, enrolled in pre-schools in Araraquara, S.P. (Brazil). 514 parents received surveys containing questions regarding age; occupation and working hours;, number of children; socioeconomic status; duration and frequency of habits; feeding time; and family dynamics. Feedback from 219 surveys showed that pacifier-sucking was the most frequent habit, which was introduced before the first month of life (66.4%), usually under the influence of parents, and decreased with the increase of age. Whereas the finger-sucking habit tended to increase with the increase of age, and showed higher prevalence during the hours of sleep. The rate of breastfeeding and the prevalence of habits were directly influenced by factors such as socioeconomic condition, maternal age and educational level of parents. Mothers with higher income and education level, tended to breastfeed their children in a natural way, which seemed to avoid the presence of harmful habits. Based on the results, there seems to be a great need to provide parents and children with access to a prevention program, which would aim at the importance of the removal of habits at early ages.